Power Usage Effectiveness
PUE is one important data center sustainability metric.
PUE describes how efficiently a data center uses energy: How much energy is used for the IT equipment in contrast to cooling and other overhead that supports the equipment.
Definition
Power usage effectiveness (PUE) is a ratio that describes how efficiently a computer data center uses energy; specifically, how much energy is used by the computing equipment (in contrast to cooling and other overhead that supports the equipment).
PUE is the ratio of the total amount of energy used by a computer data center facility to the energy delivered to computing equipment. PUE is the inverse of data center infrastructure efficiency.
An ideal PUE is 1.0. Anything that isn't considered a computing device in a data center (e.g. lighting, cooling, etc.) falls into the category of facility energy consumption.
Wikipedia (2023-02-02)
Typical values
Current values
AWS: 1.135
Hetzner: 1.1
Google Cloud: 1.1
Microsoft Azure: 1.185
Source: Cloud Carbon Footprint > Energy Coefficients
United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (2016)
- Hyperscale: 1.2
- High-end data center: 1.7
- Midtier data center: 1.9
- Room: 2.5
Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2022
Reference: Global Data Center Survey 2022 (Uptime Institute)
Limitations
→ PUE indicates nothing about the efficiency of the IT equipment. A great PUE value can be almost useless if the IT equipment is highly inefficient. This also includes the wasted energy of idle servers.
Example:
In a data center with a PUE (power usage effectiveness) of 1.65, the IT equipment represents 61% of the power demand, whereas in a data center with a PUE of 1.1, it represents 91%.
— Lawrence, A., & Dietrich, J. M. (2022)
→ To increase the PUE you have to change the data center's infrastructure. The turnover rate of such a change is slower than changing the IT equipment. Only big data centers are able to make such an investment, e.g. to develop a better airflow management or employ more efficient cooling equipment.
Beyond PUE: Tackling IT’s Wasted Terawatts (Uptime Institute)
Today it is more important to increase IT efficiency and level of usage than improving PUE.
🔗 References
Beyond PUE: Tackling IT’s Wasted Terawatts (Bashroush, Lawrence 2020)
Global Data Center Survey 2022 (Davis, Bizo, Lawrence, Rogers, Smolaks 2022)
Yuventi, J., & Mehdizadeh, R. (2013). A critical analysis of Power Usage Effectiveness and its use in communicating data center energy consumption. Energy and Buildings, 64, 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.04.015